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Free, publicly-accessible full text available February 1, 2025
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Abstract Plant development requires communication on many levels, including between cells and between organelles within a cell. For example, mitochondria and plastids have been proposed to be sensors of environmental stress and to coordinate their responses. Here we present evidence for communication between mitochondria and chloroplasts during leaf and root development, based on genetic and physical interactions between three
M echanosensitive channel ofS mall conductance‐L ike (MSL ) proteins fromArabidopsis thaliana .MSL proteins areArabidopsis homologs of the bacterialM echanos ensitivec hannel ofS mall conductance (MscS), which relieves cellular osmotic pressure to protect against lysis during hypoosmotic shock.MSL 1 localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane, whileMSL 2 andMSL 3 localize to the inner plastid membrane and are required to maintain plastid osmotic homeostasis during normal growth and development. In this study, we characterized the phenotypic effect of a genetic lesion in , both in wild type and inMSL 1msl2 msl3 mutant backgrounds.msl1 single mutants appear wild type for all phenotypes examined. The characteristic leaf rumpling inmsl2 msl3 double mutants was exacerbated in themsl1 msl2 msl3 triple mutant. However, the introduction of themsl1 lesion into themsl2 msl3 mutant background suppressed othermsl2 msl3 mutant phenotypes, including ectopic callus formation, accumulation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in the shoot apical meristem, decreased root length, and reduced number of lateral roots. All these phenotypes could be recovered by molecular complementation with a transgene containing a wild type version of . In yeast‐based interaction studies,MSL 1MSL 1 interacted with itself, but not withMSL 2 orMSL 3. These results establish that the abnormalities observed inmsl2 msl3 double mutants is partially dependent on the presence of functionalMSL 1 and suggest a possible role for communication between plastid and mitochondria in seedling development. -
Abstract A growing body of literature has documented myriad effects of human activities on animal behaviour, yet the ultimate ecological consequences of these behavioural shifts remain largely uninvestigated. While it is understood that, in the absence of humans, variation in animal behaviour can have cascading effects on species interactions, community structure and ecosystem function, we know little about whether the type or magnitude of human‐induced behavioural shifts translate into detectable ecological change. Here we synthesise empirical literature and theory to create a novel framework for examining the range of behaviourally mediated pathways through which human activities may affect different ecosystem functions. We highlight the few empirical studies that show the potential realisation of some of these pathways, but also identify numerous factors that can dampen or prevent ultimate ecosystem consequences. Without a deeper understanding of these pathways, we risk wasting valuable resources on mitigating behavioural effects with little ecological relevance, or conversely mismanaging situations in which behavioural effects do drive ecosystem change. The framework presented here can be used to anticipate the nature and likelihood of ecological outcomes and prioritise management among widespread human‐induced behavioural shifts, while also suggesting key priorities for future research linking humans, animal behaviour and ecology.